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Guiscard, Robert c.1015-1085
Norman adventurer
He was born near Coutances, and as the champion of Pope Nicholas II, he campaigned with his brother Roger I of Sicily against the Byzantine Greeks in southern Italy and Sicily (1060-76). In 1059 the papacy recognized him as Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily. He defeated the Byzantine emperor, Alexius I Comnenus, in 1081 at Durazzo. He interrupted his march on Constantinople (Istanbul) to liberate Pope Gregory VII from the Emperor Henri IV in Italy (1084), and died during his second attempt on Constantinople.
Bibliography: Finch Allibone, In Pursuit of the Robber Baron: Recreating the Journeys of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, and 'The terror of the World' (1988)
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