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Herzen or Hertzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich 1812-70
Russian political thinker and writer

Born in Moscow, the illegitimate son of a nobleman, he was imprisoned in 1834 for his revolutionary socialism and exiled to the provinces. In 1847 he left Russia for Paris, and in 1851 settled in London, becoming a powerful propagandist through his novels and treatises, and by the smuggling into Russia of his journal Kolokol (1857-67, 'The Bell'). His most important writings are his memoirs, which were published in Byloe i dumy (1861-67, Eng trans My Past and Thoughts, 1924-27).

Bibliography: E Acton, Alexander Herzen and the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary (1979)