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Alexander III, originally Orlando Bardinelli c.1105-81
Italian pope
Born in Siena, he studied the principles of law and administration under K P Pobedonostsev. He taught law at Bologna, and became adviser to Pope Adrian IV. As pope (1159-81), he was engaged in a struggle with the Emperor Frederick I, Barbarossa who supported antipopes against him. The Emperor was finally defeated at the Battle of Legnano (1176) and peace was concluded by the Treaty of Venice (1177). The other notable conflict of church and state in which he was involved was that between Henry II of England and Thomas ŕ Becket. He also called the third Lateran Council (1179).
Bibliography: Marshall W Baldwin, Alexander III and the Twelfth Century (1968)
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