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Choiseul, Étienne François, Duc de 1719-85
French politician
A minister of Louis XV, he served in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48), and, through Madame de Pompadour, became lieutenant-general in 1748, and Duc de Choiseul in 1758. He arranged the alliance between France and Austria against Frederick the Great of Prussia (1756), and obtained good terms for France at the end of the Seven Years War (1763). He improved the army and navy and developed industry and trade, particularly with India. He had spies in every court, and Catherine the Great nicknamed him Le Cocher de l'Europe ('Europe's Coachman'). However, Madame du Barry alienated Louis from him, and he retired in 1770.
Bibliography: Rohan Butler, Choiseul (1980)
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