Jung, Carl Gustav 1875-1961
Swiss psychiatrist

Born in Kesswil, he studied medicine there and worked under Eugen Bleuler at the Burgh�lzli mental clinic at Zurich (1900-09). His early Studies in Word Association (1904-09, in which he coined the term 'complex') and The Psychology of Dementia Praecox (1906-97) led to his meeting Sigmund Freud in Vienna in 1907. He became Freud's leading collaborator and was elected president of the International Psychoanalytical Association (1910). His independent researches, making him increasingly critical of Freud's insistence on the psychosexual origins of the neuroses, which he published in The Psychology of the Unconscious (1911-12), caused a rift in 1913. From then onwards he went on to develop his own school of 'analytical psychology'. He introduced the concepts of 'introvert' and 'extrovert' personalities, and developed the theory of the 'collective unconscious' with its archetypes of man's basic psychic nature as a 'self-regulating' system. He held professorships at Zurich (1933-41) and Basle (1944-61). His other main works were: On Psychic Energy (1928), Psychology and Religion (1937), Psychology and Alchemy (1944), Aion (1951), The Undiscovered Self (1957) and his autobiographical Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962). He was regarded by many as a religious leader and is seen as the founder of a new humanism.

Bibliography: Gerhard Wehr, Jung: A Biography (1987)