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Louis VIII, known as Louis the Lion 1187-1226
King of France

Born in Paris, the son of Philip II and Isabella of Hainault, he participated during his father's reign in attacks on the English (1214, 1216) and led two brief crusades against the heretics of the County of Toulouse (1215, 1219). He ruled France from 1223, acquired the de Montfort claim to the County of Toulouse (1224) and resumed the Albigensian Crusade in the south (1226). Despite his dubious death in the autumn of that year (variously attributed to poisoning, dysentery and sexual starvation) this royal crusade led to the submission of Count Raymond VII to his widow, Blanche of Castile (1229), and the eventual absorption of all Languedoc into the royal domain.