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Manuel II, Palaeologus 1350-1425
Byzantine emperor

The son of John V Palaeologus, he became emperor in 1391 (but reverted to being co-emperor 1399-1402 and 1421-25). For much of his reign he was besieged in Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Turks. At one point he was relieved by the advance of Timur into Asia Minor, but he failed to profit from this diversion and was overwhelmed, finally retiring to a monastery.